Role of Ecotourism in Sustainable Development

Role of Ecotourism in Sustainable Development Nowadays in developing countries, ecotourism is used as an excellent tool for promoting sustainable development. It is very beneficial for local communities creating environmental, economic and social benefits. Ecotourism is carried out by many tourism planners and marketers nowadays. The important aspect involved in ecotourism is its proper planning and implementation. In the case of improper planning it converts all the economic gains into social and environmental disasters. Ecotourism has gained popularity developed into a worldwide phenomenon showing no signs of slowing down. Even though it is not a universal remedy for attaining sustainable development, its potential towards promoting sustainable development deserves considerable attention. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of ecotourism in attaining sustainable development in Costa Rica. Ecotourism The concept of ecotourism was well identified in 1960s by Hetzer who contributed to this by identifying four principles of ecotourism. They are minimizing environmental impacts, respecting host cultures, maximizing benefits to local communities maximizing tourist satisfaction. Ecotourism is an integration of social, environmental and economical benefits meeting both human and environmental needs. One of the major causes for the evolution of ecotourism is the dissatisfaction with mass tourism creating over development, pollution and foreign investment. According to International Ecotourism Society (2004) Ecotourism is a Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of local people. Sustainable Development The term sustainable development received international recognition in 1980s. In 1987, Bruntland commission defined sustainable development as Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs. It is a combination of social, economical and environmental development. Ecotourism Sustainable Development It is nothing but sustainable tourism. In 1995 World Trade Organization stated in Agenda 21 that Sustainable tourism development meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunity for the future. Sustainable tourism involves a number of principles in it. Sustainable development is not the only goal of ecotourism, but sustainable development is very important for achieving the goal of ecotourism. About Costa Rica Costa Rica which means Rich Cost is a country in South America bordered by Nicaragua in north, Panamma in south, Caribbean Sea in east and Pacific Ocean in west. The government is constitutionally democratic. It constitutionally abolished its army permanently in 1949 becoming military neutral. It was ranked first among the Americas for Environmental Performance Index in 2010. Total area 19,653 sq.m Water percentage 0.7 Population 4,253,897 GDP (nominal) $29.318 billion It contains 5% of the worlds biodiversity. Around 25% of the countrys land area is covered by protected national parks and protected areas. About 24 national parks are found in Costa Rica. The Monteverde cloud forest reserve is a home for about 2000 plant species, over 400 birds, over 100 species of mammals and numerous orchids. Growth of ecotourism in Costa Rica Costa Rica earned reputation as a premier ecotourism destination in the world also considered as ecotourisms post child. Some of the factors that influenced ecotourism in Costa Rica are pleasant climate, excellent national park, best public health care system, best public education, highest literacy rate in Latin America etc. It is also blessed with abundant natural resources such as beaches, mangroves, mountains, caves, waterfalls, volcanoes and tropical rainforests which is one of the most biologically diverse areas of the world containing 5% of entire planets biodiversity. In a short period Costa Rica has reached high level of maturity in ecotourism creating both beneficial effects and detrimental consequences on sustainable development. It is considered as a model in implementing ecotourism in many other areas. Economic impacts Globalization plays an important role in global economic decision making. As globalization and unbridled economic competition continue to dominate the global agenda, the travel agents who came up with the idea of ecotourism were now looking for new markets and not the ways to save the world. Because of this issue, many protected regions of Costa Rica are increasingly integrated into the global economy. Park entry fees and other form of revenues increase the value of protected land rather than the revenue obtained from deforestation. Ecotourism also earns foreign exchange to developing countries by bringing tourists from north ( from developed countries). A survey states that in early 1990s Costa Rica was the leading overseas ecotourism destination for U.S travellers, but only 20% of its revenue went to the local community and the remaining was paid to the tour operators, tickets on foreign owned airlines, to import products that appeal foreign tourists. A certain percentage of profits can be recycled to the local community development through legislation so that revenue leakage is reduced. In general, the employment opportunities of the people living near to ecotourism destinations is based on the tourists. In Costa Rica, people living near to Monteverde cloud forest reserve is an excellent example who have gained great economic values with this. Contrast to the previous point, Osa peninsula a ecotourism spot in Costa Rica has made its inhabitants even more poorer than before over attraction by ecotourists which created profit to outsiders. Marketing in general is used to elaborate a buisness scale. In Costa Rica in regions where outsiders dominate, marketing is used es an efficient tool by the local community to elaborate their buisness. Fake marketing is also done in some regions which is of no environmental responsibility. Since ecotourism is a seasonal activity, it can fluctuate over time to time and the local community cannot entirely depend on this for their earnings which leads to economic discomfort. Outsiders took over many regions in Costa Rica which have become distorted and the prices have increased drastically so that many Costa Ricans have been priced out of land and home ownership. Social impacts Even though the local communities are not traditionally involved in ecotourism planning and implementation, it becomes essential for them to get involved in different phases of it for their own benefits. Also the local communities are very familiar with the local resources, it makes them essential to involve in decision making. Stakeholder participation and community involvement are very important in decision making process since they have the greatest stake in the outcome of any ecotourism project. The culture of the local community plays an important role in ecotourism. For a sustainable ecotourism, cultural structures of the local community must be well understood so that the disintegration of the local communities can also be avoided. In Costa Rica, people in many rural areas did not support ecotourism instead they felt it as a threat to their cultural dynamics. Ecotourism brings many advantages to the local community if they integrate themselves with it otherwise it can lead to commofication resulting in erosion of culture and community cohesion. Ecotourism provides some employment opportunities to the local community such as hotel servicing, crafting, government agency staff, tour operators etc. In Costa Rica local community people are trained in the areas of park maintanance, habitat restoration, management etc in order to incorporate them in protected area management. Govrnment should provide some subsidies and intensives to local poor people to own a buisness. Many innovative and resposible locally owned ecotourism projects fail due to insufficient investments and their competition with large foreign companies. The goal of ecotourism is that the profits from ecotourism must be reinvested into the local community to meet their basic needs. Additional revenues are channeled into programmes which directly benefit the local people in their health and education. When people get focused to ecotourism getting support from their community, they will devote their time and energy to it, understanting that the success of ecotourism is directly linked to their individual capacity to achieve greater standards of life. Environmental impacts National parks in Costa Rica are the backbone of its ecotourism industry contributing much to the countrys tourism industry as a whole. In 1960s Costa Ricas first strictly protected area was established, after that four national parks were offically created in 1970s to preserve its biodiversity. There are 30 and above national parks and more than 230 protected areas in costa Rica. Cost Rica forms a variety of ecosystem with 850 bird species, 1260 tree species, 1200 orchid species, 270 mammal species, 361 species of reptiles and amphibians and more than 35,000 species of insects. The creation of parks and protected areas protect natural species, but it resulted in deforestation. National parks form the crucial part of ecotourism in Costa Rica which was increasing since 1980s and attained maturity at the end of 1990s. Even ecotourism earnings have contuined to increase, the Costa Rican government is not properly funding to the parks and protected areas leading to dependancy on foreign donations much. Other than national parks and protected areas, private reserves have emerged as another important way to protect Costa Ricas natural resources and biodiversity. About 68 reserves were found in Costa Rica in which more than 40 involves in ecotourism in which La Selva, Rara Avis, Monteverde cloud forest reserve are some of those in it. Monteverde forest reserve recieves nearly 50,000 visitors per year which contains most important population of quetzal, an endangered bird species. Private reserves serve as an intimation to the government that ecotourism has good earning potential and it can be economically viable when sufficient resources are invested. Ecotourism projects results in natural degradations when the natural areas are overcroweded with visitors. Solid waste generation, pollution, habitat destructions, forest degradations and trail erosion results in increase of local carrying capacities. The negative effects of ecoourism can be minimized by emphasising low- impact construction, controlling the number of visitors, taking care in interacting with local flora and fauna. A balance between development and conservation should be created in order to avoid the degradation of natural environment. Education is often cited as on of the most crucial element for every individual as well as for a society. Environmental education contributes much for ecotourism. Knowledgable tour guides can provide a quality environmental education. Local guides have more advantage over foreign guides since they have more knowledge about local ecologic, natural history and local culture. Lack of experienced and knowledgable trail guides is one of the major problems with ecotourism in Costa Rica. Creating educated public understanding the importance of ecotourism in Costa Rica will help the countries benefit for long run.

Leadership and Change

The element of change remains a factor in everyday life within the organization. How to handle change begins with a decision to embrace the implications into an organization's vision. Incorporating change and a healthy attitude toward change as a core value begins with leadership. A good leader like John Welch provides vision and clarity for the employee. He even instills inspiration in the employee allowing them the freedom to explore and create out of their every day job tasks. Such a leader will be able to communicate issues of change and create a bond with their team. This creates a comfort level that allows for creative thinking resulting in an environment that easily accepts change as a factor. This connection begins at a fundamental level of human sociology where the use of story is central. Howard Gardner reflects, â€Å"the ultimate impact of the leader depends most significantly on the particular story that he or she relates or embodies, and the receptions to that story on the part of the audiences† (14). By telling stories, allows for a certain level of openness or vulnerability on the part of the leader and makes them human. By opening the line of communication, gives the employee knowledge of their environment and develops trust. The leader's role is to sell the idea of commitment within a culture. Odiorne suggests, â€Å"if employees knows what is expected, and what help and resources are available, they can then be relied upon to govern their actions to achieve the commitments they have made† (138). This sets the stage for goals and achieving high performance. The culture in turn feeds off this energy and excitement. There are three reasons why leaders are important. First they are responsible for the effectiveness of organizations. Second, the change and upheaval of past years has left us with no place to hide. We need anchors in our lives as a guiding purpose. Third, there is a national concern about integrity of our institutions. Being mindful of own context is difficult for us. (15-16) Managers with a keen understanding of leading represent these three key attributes and create a foundation from which to act. A leader must also display curiosity and have the guts to be daring. They must be a dominant force within the team. Bennis reflects, there are two kinds of people â€Å"those who are paralyzed by fear, and those who are afraid but go ahead away. Life is not about limitation but options† (185). A healthy culture inspires options and the innovations that grow out of creativity. Still one cannot ignore times of fear. Management sometimes creates fear on purpose or misuse to work employees harder. From personal experience, fear can drive an employee to try harder at a better job or completely kill worker confidence. This does not create positive outcomes but promotes conflict and an unstable team. It is clear for management to be successful, it must communicate its vision but also create positive reinforcement. Once key members understand people's needs, then action can be taken to improve management's role. Only then will a leader be taken seriously. Recognizing positive traits in a team member builds trust, integrity and also meets an important need. Finally, there are many things a leader can do to motivate their team members and inspire excellence. From personal experience there are many recommendations that come to mind. At a company wide level, a recognition or awards program is effective in maintaining culture by motivating employees. Being noticed for a job well done instills pride.

Heroes and Villains: Explore the ways sympathy for and/or dislike of a character is created in the text you have studied. Essay

INTRODUCTION: In the novella ‘Of Mice and Men’, Steinbeck has used many different language features in order to create such a complex and sophisticated character whom I will be investigating – Curley’s wife. Curley’s wife is a pivotal character. She has been presented as a villain in the early stages of the book and her character seems to unravel as we read on. As a reader, we comprehend the factors which had influenced her actions and how living in a misogynistic society has affected the way she behaves – alternating the way we feel about this character and instead sympathy begins to develop, demolishing all the negativity that was created towards her in the first half of the novella. In this essay I will be exploring the language techniques that Steinbeck uses in order to create both sympathy and dislike for Curley’s wife. DISLIKE: The first time we hear about Curley’s wife is from an unfavourable insight of her when Candy is in conversation with George and Lennie, which Steinbeck portrays through dialogue. We begin to perceive that Curley’s wife is a mean and seductive temptress as â€Å"she got they eye† and it has only been the period of two short weeks that she has been forced into a marital relationship with Curley, and is already beginning to commit signs of deceit. Due to Curley’s wife’s lack of power, she aims to attract the rancher’s attention through her physical appearance as this is the only method of gaining any form of communication with a person on the ranch. This quotation could also suggest that Curley’s wife is a ‘whore’ and has a wondering eye therefore proclaiming that she is a flirtatious, self obsessed and an egotistical woman who has the power to trap men in her very own spiraled web. However, during this time, women w ere seen as an object which held no power or dignity. They were degraded in their society and were only used for the purpose of sex, therefore, females were taught at an early age to behave in this manner to gain at least some form of attention. By demonstrating Curley’s wife’s actions through dialogue in this scene, Steinbeck wanted to introduce the audience to the compulsion that women had to undergo as a result of them being lowly regarded in society. DISLIKE: Additionally, Steinbeck again develops dislike towards Curley’s Wife’s character when she makes her very first appearance. He does this by using symbolism. When she was first presented in the book, â€Å"the rectangle of sunshine in the doorway was cut off† providing a strong indication that Curley’s wife is an extreme threat to George and Lennie’s stereotypical American dream. This can be inferred as the word ‘sunshine’ is referring to George and Lennie’s dream. However, when the violent phrase ‘cut off’ is sequenced straight after the blissful word previously mentioned, negative vibes are echoed as this is symbolising that Curley’s wife will surely cause the destruction of ‘living off the fatta the land’, foreshadowing the potential dangers that are yet to come. An alternative meaning to this quote may be that Curley’s wife is the obstacle that is impossible to overcome in order to accomplish their dream, which has been furnished with small but significant details time and time again. The reader begins to question whether there is an inevitability to the novella’s end†¦ The context that this is relating to is that the slightest of movements of women are powerful enough to completely demolish the good intentions that men may have had of them (which was highly unlikely at the time). Steinbeck wanted the audience to know that Curley’s wife is going to be the reason for George and Lennie’s bad fate that they’ve been destined with. He wanted the audience to acknowledge that women were the only barrier between a man and his dream. However, he also pursues the idea of the futility of the American dream and reminds the reader that the dream will have been left a dream anyhow, and will never have transformed into reality, no matter how hard they try. DISLIKE: In Section two, Curley’s Wife’s description is continued and from this, the author formates further antagonistic feelings towards her through the use of colour imagery and symbolism. She is described as having â€Å"full rouged lips† and that her â€Å"fingernails were red†, and is also wearing a dress with â€Å"red mules†. Curley’s wife’s whole outfit is constantly referred to the colour red and Steinbeck has intentionally, repeatedly mentioned this colour in Curley’s wife’s description to emphasise the significance of it. This clarifies that Curley’s wife is going to be a potential threat to George and Lennie’s dream. She is a sign of jeopardy and Steinbeck is foreshadowing that she will bring harm to George and Lennie’s dream. This  idea can then be confirmed to be rightfully conceived as the colour ‘red’ is also symbolic of danger, aggression and violence. This links to th e woman in weed who was also dressed in red, indicating that Lennie will attack Curley’s wife as she is also dressed in red. Here, Steinbeck is foreshadowing the future of the book. Throughout the novel, we discover that George and Lennie’s dream is indeed shattered because of Curley’s wife. Steinbeck is once again reiterating the futility of the American dream, reminding the audience that not all wishes come true. DISLIKE: Another way in which Steinbeck stimulates dislike for this character is through the use of dialogue. In section four, she says, â€Å"Listen, Nigger†¦ You know what I can do if you open your trap?† This quotation accentuates the fact that Curley’s wife is deliberately making Crooks feel inferior just because he is a ‘negro’. During this time, dark skinned people had no respect or status in society. They were equivalent to the invisible atmosphere. Meanwhile, women were also socially degraded and to be in the circumstance of living in a misogynistic society and being the only woman on a ranch full of men, it was not the ideal place for a woman. Hence, Crooks was the only person on the ranch that Curley’s wife claimed more power over, which is the reason to her offensive behaviour. We feel hatred towards Curley’s wife as she has deliberately singled Crooks out, threatened him, and is now humiliating him in front of people who alrea dy consider him to be of minor existence. By portraying this negative aspect towards Curley’s wife, Steinbeck wanted to show that the only person Curley’s wife seemed the slightest of superior towards, was to the most degraded person on the ranch – Crooks. The author also pursues the idea of power in this scene. SYMPATHY: Conversely, Curley’s wife is also presented as lonely and isolated and Steinbeck depicts this through foreshadowing and animalistic imagery. When Curley’s wife is first presented in the novella, it says that her dress is designed with â€Å"little bouquets of red ostrich feathers†. The fact that Steinbeck has included the word ‘ostrich’ in his description of Curley’s wife’s first appearance, it proposes the idea that Curley’s wife is trapped as an ostrich is a bird that is incapable of flight and Curley’s wife too, is captured in a prison, from which she cannot escape. Steinbeck has chosen  to make a resemblance between Curley’s wife and the ostrich to symbolise that she is in a relationship with an arrogant man and is unhappy with her life – yet it is impossible to withdraw from, likewise the ostrich being unable to fly. This idea associates with the event of her death which takes place in Sectio n five. The quote, â€Å"a pigeon flew in through the open hay door† is possibly suggesting that death was the only way of escaping her unfortunate and miserable life. This can be inferred as the author is now relating her to a pigeon which is a bird that can fly, therefore implying freedom. SYMPATHY: Furthermore, Steinbeck again creates sympathy for Curley’s wife by introducing her maternal side when she is talking to Lennie in the barn. Steinbeck does this through the use of calm and comforting adjectives. In the novella, it states that â€Å"she consoled him† and she also â€Å"moved closer to him† and spoke â€Å"soothingly†. All the words utilised in this phrase are a clear portrayal that Curley’s wife is in fact a very cordial and affectionate woman and is only forced to act the way she does due to her loneliness and desperation of the desire to speak to someone. An alternative meaning may be that she is genuinely a very nice person but cannot project her true character due to the perceptions that have already been made of her as she is a woman. Steinbeck wanted to show the audience that men in a misogynistic society had always been prejudice about women and women were disadvantaged as a result of that. They were unable to be seen as nothing but a ‘tart’ or a ‘bitch’ which is exactly how Curley’s wife was viewed. She was branded with these titles and no one ever payed attention towards the consistence of her personality hidden beneath her physical appearance. SYMPATHY: Steinbeck creates a compassionate feeling towards Curley’s wife as we come to learn about her dream in Section five. She is illustrated as a very innocent character and Steinbeck does this through the use of dialogue. In the revelation of Curley’s wife’s dream, we learn that she wanted to be an actress. She says, â€Å"He said he was gonna put me in the movies. Says I was a natural.† This quotation indicates that Curley’s wife was very naive as she was unaware that the man was only using her to fufil his own satisfactions. He had no intention of making her an actress and simply used  her for his desires. However, Curley’s Wife was too innocent to understand disloyalty and deceit that she instead, blamed her mother for not receiving the letter she was promised. An alternative reason may be that she was too engrossed into her dream that she was in denial to accept the fact that the repulsive man was a fraud with no sense of emotion, and had only taken advantage of her as she was vulnerable and young. The author creates sympathy for Curley’s wife in this scene as she still believes that she would have been an actress if it weren’t for her mother. She is ignorant to the truth as a result of her innocence and is not ready to accept the facts. Steinbeck reiterates the idea of the futility of the American dream as once again, another dream has gone down the drain. Steinbeck wants to show the audience that the American dream will always remain a dream regardless of how much effort is made to fulfil it. SYMPATHY: The final departure of Curley’s wife from the book is completed with a content description of her in death. Steinbeck creates affectionate emotions towards Curley’s wife by using innocent descriptive words. She is described as â€Å"pretty and simple† and â€Å"sweet and young† and to be â€Å"sleeping very lightly†. The descriptive words in these quotes have been chosen under the specification of contentment and youth. We feel sympathy for Curley’s wife as Steinbeck once again reminds the readers of Curley’s wife’s innocence which emphasises that Curley’s wife did not truly deserve death. Alternatively, the words ‘pretty’ and ‘simple’ are often used to describe youthful people and for the first time in the book, Curley’s wife was described like this, rather than a ‘tart’, therefore suggesting that Curley’s wife is not what we had initially thought she was. Th is contrast is extremely significant as it shows us the transition of the two different perceptions that were made of her throughout the novel. However, even after the death of Curley’s wife, the ranchers were only silent due to the devastating shock they had received. But within minutes, the silent mourning had ended as the men had realised that they need to move on. Life during The Great Depression was like a cycle. If one worker was fired, another took his position. Similarly, Curley’s wife was replaceable. Steinbeck wanted the audience gain knowledge of the hardships of the women living in a misogynistic society, and of the men struggling through The Great  Depression. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, Steinbeck presents Curley’s wife as both a hero and villain. Steinbeck manipulates the readers making it seem as if Curley’s wife is at fault. Before we even meet Curley’s wife, snide comments are made by the ranchers. She is called a ‘tart’, ‘looloo’ and ‘she’s got the eye’. This shows that Steinbeck wants us as the reader to dislike her. However, it is only in section five that we learn about her maternal figure, youth and innocence. This leaves the reader with the option of whether to dislike or feel sympathy for her. Finally, we never learn her name, and this stops us from empathising with her, and we begin to develop sexist views that she is less than the other characters, which will have been perceived at the time.

George Washington s First Inaugural Address - 1164 Words

George Washington had to borrow money to relocate to New York, then the center of American government. His presidential inauguration was held near New York s Wall Street in late April 1789. A tremendous crowd showed up to see the man now known as the Father of His Country. Borrowing a custom from English monarchs, who by tradition address Parliament when its sessions open, Washington gave a brief speech. It was the first inaugural address and the first of many contributions that Washington would make to the office of the presidency. But this would be no monarch; the new leader wore a plain brown suit. As the first of everything in our situation will serve to establish a precedent, Washington wrote James Madison at this time, it is devoutly wished on my part, that these precedents may be fixed on true principles. At every turn, Washington was aware that the conduct of his presidency would set the standard for generations to come. 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