Educators and Philosophies of Education Essay

Masterminds of the antiquated time are instances of fortunes of the world that don't die. Those rationalists who add to the consistently living of every person whether they are adherents of Christianity or not, are actually a pride of their times since there are consistently occasions that apply the standards and speculations they have built up in their reality. There are numerous who like to live by the platitudes and models they have set, since individuals accept that they can have a simple existence with these renowned convictions. In theory, it isn't that simple to let somebody accept what you state. It is a workmanship to convey them with respectability and sympathy. Being somebody of standards is something that is somewhat hard to accomplish since we are people who can defy the norms that are set by the general public or even without anyone else. There are numerous variables that should be considered before we offer something to other people. Teachers thusly shoulder this obligation by scattering the data to their understudies. I think, it is conceivable to instruct these ideas in the event that they have invested energy thinking about the genuine significance of every entry they will allow their understudies to learn. Obviously, their motivation in remaining before their understudies is to instill in them the information and knowledge they pick to have contingent upon their ages, since adapting likewise relies upon the age and educational encounters an individual has. The specialty of instructing them with a reason should be possible on the off chance that they will gadget an action that they could embed the idea, say the idea of Socrates regarding realism or something like that. It is a successful method of discovering that somebody appreciates what he/she is doing. In that manner, the understudy can give in any event at some point pondering the ideas they have heard or gained from the action. Learning ought to be fun and ought not be viewed as a weight since individuals live with the rules (that will fill in as their establishments) they get from their adolescence.

Crime and Criminal Justice Essay

Wrongdoing and Criminal Justice Essay Wrongdoing and Criminal Justice Essay Gear required in Chapter 11 Container The utilization of the measuring utencil is to hold and pour fluids. They can likewise be utilized to warm fluids. It is extremely only a round glass holder with a level base. They come in numerous sizes, from small ones that lone hold 10 mL to goliath ones that hold numerous liters. Dropper-Medicine droppers are helpful gadgets for disseminating little volumes of fluid. Electronic Scale-It will figure weight in grams, onces and pounds relying upon the settings. They come in different sizes relying upon what your weighting. Erlenmeyer Flask-Erlenmeyers are utilized in science labs for titration. An Erlenmeyer jar, otherwise called a cone shaped jar, is a generally utilized kind of research center flagon which includes a level base, a conelike body, and a barrel shaped neck. Channel Paper-It is a permeable paper, which is utilized to isolate little particles from fluids. Round and hollow Graduate-A graduated chamber is a bit of research facility dish sets used to precisely allot volumes of synthetic compounds for use in responses. They are commonly more exact and exact for this reason than measuring glasses or Erlenmeyer carafes, despite the fact that not as exact as a volumetric flagon or volumetric pipet. They arrive in an assortment of sizes for various volumes, regularly 10 ml, 25 ml, 50 ml, or 100 ml and up to as extensive as 1 or 2 liters. Decide the volume contained in a graduated chamber by perusing the base of the meniscus at eye level. Cone shaped Graduate-Actually, a tapered alumni is all the more normally utilized for

Best Interview Practices for Job Seekers

Best Interview Practices for Job Seekers Most of the best things in life are obtained with some level of difficulty, and with this in mind, getting a job is certainly not a walk in the park. Expect to be subjected to hurdles and obstacles, and accept the reality that you have to undergo a process in order to get hired at a company that you want to work in, in a job that you have always dreamed of or wanted. A job interview is simply one of the many steps in that process.A job interview does not automatically guarantee that you will be hired. However, it is one of the most persuasive tools that employers or hiring managers base their hiring decisions on. Therefore, as an interviewee, you should not take it lightly.In fact, applicants should see interviews as wonderful opportunities to “sell themselves” better to the company or organization they want to join. They will be meeting face-to-face, so they can present themselves in a way that will supplement the information in the CV and other documents that they submitted. © Shutterstock | pathdocLet me share with you some of the best interview practices that jobseekers should observe as interviewees, from the time that you are informed of the fact that you will undergo an interview, until the said interview is over.INTERVIEW PRACTICES BEFORE THE INTERVIEWPreparation.Preparation is an essential step in the whole application process, not just the interview. Hiring managers and employers can immediately tell whether a candidate is prepared or not the moment they enter the interviewing room. If you want to put your best foot forward, you have to make sure you are armed and ready to impress them.The preparation requires that you do your research and anticipate what questions will be asked during the interview.What should you research on?Background and history of the company. You have to know the company that you are applying to. If you claim to have a desire to work in that organization but you do not know the basic information about it, your credibility will immediately go right out the window. And do not just stick to the basic information, either. It is good to look deeper, such as the organization’s goals, vision, its current performance, and what you think of its future. Employers are likely to be looking for people who will be with the company for the long-term, and they want someone who is knowledgeable about the company and the direction it is headed.The job you are applying for. You should know and understand what job you are applying for, and what it is about. You should at least have some basic knowledge on the duties and responsibilities that come with the position, because how can you claim to be a very good fit for the job when you don’t know what it involves?Background of the interviewer. If you have a way of knowing the people who will be interviewing you, it would also be a good idea to do some research on them. This will put you in a position where you will better understand and anticipate the questions that wi ll be asked and to know how best to get in their good books.You can get your information for your job interview research from various sources. Start from the website of the company or the organization. Get your hands on published materials about the company. Ask around. There may be people around you who are familiar with the company.Review and anticipate questions.Jobseekers are advised to make a list of the questions that they expect to hear during the interview. You may look for these anticipated questions online or ask others who have gone through job interviews for pointers. Formulate your answers as you envision yourself being asked these questions by an interviewer.After you have listed down the common questions, you should review them and prepare or formulate responses.Keep responses concise but detailed. You should go directly to the point when answering. Do not meander or become long-winding, because this has the tendency to bore your interviewers. It may also take up a lo t of time especially when you only have a few minutes allotted for the interview. You might end up being able to answer only one or two questions because you talked too much, focusing on the buildup rather than the heart of your answer.Do not memorize. There is a danger to memorizing responses. It is possible that the question that will be asked has variations on what you practiced or memorized, and you will be caught off-guard. It is better to come up with talking points, and work around it with your potential answers.Dress for success.The term “first impressions last” applies to interviews as well. Interviewers put a lot of stock on how you come across the moment you enter a room, and a huge factor of that is how you are dressed. Being ‘presentable’ is no longer enough; you have to dress well, and dress in a manner that any employer or organization would approve of. In a job interview, dressing for success means:#1 Dress in an appropriate and professional manner. It should be appropriate in the sense that it is matches with the job you are applying for. If you are applying for a managerial or supervisory position, you should exude the aura of a manager or a supervisor. There is a rule of thumb that says you should dress “two levels up”, or two levels higher than the position you are applying for. Of course, if you are being interviewed for a mechanic or carpentry job, it does not mean that you should show up in your interview wearing overalls, complete with tool kits.Dressing appropriately means you should also make sure your outfit is not too racy. Low and plunging necklines, sleeveless tops, and extremely short skirts for women are not good options. This may give your interviewers the wrong impression.The default job interview outfit usually consists of a suit, but you can be flexible. Fortunately, corporate or professional dressing has evolved over the years that you can dress in a manner that represents your personality while sticking to the dress code in a corporate setting.Some points that you should consider when picking out your clothes for your job interview are:The outfit should match the culture and sensibilities of the organization. Check if they have a dress code for their employees, and pick your clothes in accordance with it.Avoid loud patterns and flashy colors. They will be distracting for the interviewers. You want them to pay attention to you and your answers, not to the patterns and colors of what you are wearing. Similarly, do not over accessorize. Wearing too much jewelry will just be distracting.Clean your shoes. And your bag. Scuffed shoes and a messy bag will give your interviewer the impression that you cannot take care of your personal things, so how could you possibly expect to be trusted with company property?Make sure your clothes are dry-cleaned and pressed. Wrinkly clothes and clothes with stains won’t look good, and won’t help you make a good impression.#2 Dress comfortably.Imagine yours elf wearing something very professional to an interview then throughout the interview you keep shifting in your seat because your clothes do not fit very well. This discomfort will have a negative impact on how you present yourself during the interview. It will distract you away from answering the questions properly.In short, choose clothes that fit, and look good on your body. Clothes give a boost of confidence, and if you are confident that you are dressed well, you will be more comfortable in answering the questions during the interview.#3 Maintain good hygiene and grooming.Let us say that you are wearing your “power outfit”, one that you picked out carefully and maybe even had altered to fit your body. But you did not shower. You may be comfortable, but the interviewer may not be.Fix and do your hair. If you have to wear make-up, make sure it is interview-appropriate and would not have the possibility of shocking anyone, especially the interviewer. Brush your teeth; make sur e you do not have a foul breath. That will be an automatic turn-off when talking to your interviewer.Observe punctuality.Being on time during the interview shows how time-conscious you are, giving your interviewers the impression that you have good time management skills. Time management is a soft skill that all employers are looking for in candidates, and a great start to proving that you have this skill is to show up at the interview venue ahead of time, at least 15 minutes before the time. This is also an effective way of signifying your interest in the job. In addition, arriving early shows that you are punctual and reliable.Arriving early will also give you more time to acclimate yourself with the environment or atmosphere at the venue where the interview will be held. It is also possible that last-minute changes about the interview will be made, and if you are there early, you will have an easier time adjusting to these changes. For example, the room where the interview will b e conducted may be changed. You won’t end up going around looking for it if you still have more than enough time before the start of the interview.But do not arrive too early, either. If you arrive, say, an hour or 30 minutes early, they might think that you are too idle. This also makes you look too desperate, and you really do not want to appeal to your interviewers with pity instead of your merits and credentials, do you? INTERVIEW PRACTICES DURING THE INTERVIEWMake good first impressions.Making good first impressions is not entirely up to your choice of an interview attire or outfit. The first words that you say when you meet your interviewers, your greeting to the people you see in the venue, and even your actions and mannerisms are instrumental for interviewers to develop their first impression of you.Be polite. Have a smile ready for everyone â€" and we mean everyone, from the receptionist to the other staff members you come across on the way to the place of interview. You never know, you may be working with them in the future. The same is true if you are being interviewed with other people. You might also end up working alongside them.This definitely means that you have to pay attention to your body language. Your posture is also very important. Slouching makes you come across as someone who is lazy and sometimes maybe even sick. Standing or sitting ramrod-straight, on the other hand, may make you appear stiff and unyielding unless, of course, you are a candidate for a position in the military ranks.If you have mannerisms such as bouncing your knee, tapping your foot on the floor or your fingers on top of the table, or wringing your hands, try to correct them. These are often signs of being nervous, and you do not want your prospective employers to know that you are terrified of them, do you?There is another thing that jobseekers forget when they enter an interview room: turn off their phone. Do not just put it on silent or vibrate, because you may b e distracted when a message or a call comes in while you’re in the middle of the interview. Turn it off to avoid disturbances. You can just turn it back on when the interview is over.Be authentic.You must have often heard the advice about always being true to yourself. It is normal during an interview to show your best side, but that is the point: you show your best side, not pretend to be something or someone that you are not. If you are true to yourself and express your true personality, you will come across as natural and real during the interview. You will be able to deliver more truthful answers, and the interviewers will also be able to sense that.Try to match the communication style of the interviewer. You have to connect with them, while making sure your personality is showing. You can do this by mirroring their manner. Be business-like when they are business-like. Try to be more personable or adapt a casual tack when you see that they are going that way. Needless to say, if they ask direct questions, then you should also supply direct answers.Ask insightful questions.At some point during the interview, the interviewer or staff asking the questions, may turn the tables and let you ask questions. It is possible that you have a lot of questions running through your head about the job. Go through these questions mentally and ask only the insightful ones, or those that make sense.Interviewers tend to remember the candidates who posed challenging questions to them. Usually, interviewees would ask how much the job will pay them on a monthly or annual basis. They may even inquire on the vacation time and other benefits. This is a natural curiosity for the candidate but, depending on the execution or the way the question was asked, it may make you look like your sole interest in the job is the money or corresponding salary or pay.If you did your homework prior to the interview, then you already have an idea on the salary and other benefits of the job. Theref ore, you should refrain from asking about them during the interview. You should only ask about them when you have clearly won over the employer. If you wait long enough, they might even be the ones to volunteer the information to you. INTERVIEW PRACTICES AFTER THE INTERVIEWThank the interviewers.The job interview is an opportunity given to jobseekers to show or demonstrate their skills and other qualifications for the job. The interviewers gave you this opportunity, so you should thank them for taking the time out to interview you, and for actually conducting the interview.Have a firm handshake before and after the interview. Many interviewers also observe how you do your handshake. If you have a firm grip, it exudes confidence. Do not grip too tight, because it will make you appear tense and nervous. If it is too brief, they might think that you are uncomfortable making long contact with others. Do not be too aggressive with pumping, either, because it makes you look too eager as t o be unnatural.WHAT NOT TO DO IN JOB INTERVIEWSIf there are DOs in participating in job interviews as the interviewee, there are also DON’Ts, or things that you must avoid doing, because they are likely to ruin your chances of landing the job.Do not speak ill of past employers. Expect interviewers to ask several questions about your work history, particularly on your past employment. They might even bait you when they start asking the reasons why you quit or were separated from the company. Do not badmouth your previous employers, not even if they were the employers from hell and your complaints are completely valid. You should always talk about them positively, but do not go to the extent of making up stories just to make them look good. In the same manner, do not offer information about your previous companies, because this is a sign of disloyalty. The interviewer will conclude that, if you were able to do it with your previous employers, you may do it with them in future.Do not talk too much. Talking too much, or taking too long in providing answers for direct questions will give your interviewers the impression that you have trouble getting to the point. This could also mean that you are just bluffing because you don’t know a thing about what you are saying.Do not display impatience. Is the interview running late? Just stay calm and cool, and wait patiently. This may actually be done on purpose, to see how patient you are. Constantly looking at your watch or making your impatience show on your face will certainly not earn you any points.Interviewing for a job is one of the crucial steps in getting hired. If you consider yourself to be a poor interviewee, make an effort to change this. You can never really do away with interviews, because all job hiring and recruitment processes conduct them. Even a simple conversation with the employer may count as an interview.Observe these best interview practices, and they will help you to land that job that you hav e always wanted.

Patrick Finn, Literacy With an Attitude Educating Working Class Children in Their Own Self Interest Free Essay Example, 1250 words

The book highlights the ‘myth of meritocracy’ that indicates the fact all the students are offered with same level of education, but only the level of acceptance and attitude that differs. It has further been argued in this context that students who are hardworking and smart are able to enter into any school programs and are able to gain powerful literacy. Therefore, they are more likely to earn power and position in the society. On the other hand, the students who are not able to participate in the school programs due to lack of smartness or learning ability are likely to leave schools earlier with poor quality of education (Finn, 2010). In this context, with the increase in completion in different aspect of life, it has become essential for all the individuals to gain powerful level of education. The level of education an individual gains determines the ability of such individual to gain position with respect to have a better job portfolio in the present competitive j ob market. In the context of social justice, it is essential to provide powerful education to all the individuals, so that each individual is able to protect their social, political and civil rights. We will write a custom essay sample on Patrick Finn, Literacy With an Attitude: Educating Working Class Children in Their Own Self Interest or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The author of the book noted that â€Å"powerful literacy in the hand of poor and working people is literacy with attitude† (Finn, 2010 p. xii). In can be stated in this regard that literacy determines the status of an individual (Finn, 2010). In this regard, it can be argued that the teachers are identified to be playing a crucial role in social justice. The teachers are responsible to develop thinking ability, so that that the students are able to understand their rights and responsibilities. Presently, the US government has implemented No Child Left Behind Act with the aim of ensuring that education is offered to all the children (Barton, 2009). A Concrete Connection to Own Experiences Literacy and education are recognized as two important factors that determine the success of an individual. Moreover, the level of literacy determines the critical thinking ability of the individuals. The difference in social status of the individuals is likely to affect the level of literacy. Literacy is a matter of social right and should be gained by all individuals of the society. However, people belonging to poor family are likely to leave school at an early age that reflects poor level of literacy. As result of which they are unable to get high level job that in turn affects their position in the society (Finn, 2010).

Theme of Resurrection in Charles Dickens’s Book, A Tale of...

Robespierre, the dictator of the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror once said, Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible. If terror is justice, would 30,000 men and women across France have lost their lives during the Reign of Terror? In Charles Dickens’s book, A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens used the injustice in the French Revolution and the corruption in societies of that time to show the theme of resurrection along with many other themes. In the novel, the heroes and heroine uses sacrifice to resurrect an important person in their lives. However, through the process of resurrecting another, some characters also resurrected themselves. The two most important characters that relates to the theme†¦show more content†¦The term resurrection means rising from the dead and in a way, Doctor Manette was raised revived from the Bastille, which symbolizes his grave. Doctor Manette was successfully resurrected, as shown by his actions i n the following chapters. In Book Two, the theme of resurrection became even more prominent as the author introduces new characters into the novel. The theme is first shown in the second chapter of the book through the trial of Charles Darnay, one of the main characters in the novel. In the trial, Charles Darnay was accused of being a spy for the Americans during the time of the American Revolution. He was to be found guilty had not Sydney Carton, the novel’s greatest hero, saved him from a death sentence. By showing how the similarities between Darnay and himself, Sydney Carton destroyed one of the witnesses’ statements. This showed the theme of resurrection because Carton had recalled Darnay to life when he was on the brink of death. If Carton had not saved Darnay, he was sure to have been found guilty by the jury and sentenced to death. For the first time, the readers were introduced to Sydney Carton, a lawyer who was, in the public’s eye, nothing but a lazy drunk who has never amounted to anything as shown in Charles Darnay’s trial. However, in Book Two, Dickens showed Carton to be a very intelligent man but had wasted his life byShow MoreRelated Resurrection in A Tale of Two Cities Essay1211 Words   |  5 PagesResurrection in A Tale of Two Cities      Ã‚   Resurrection is a powerful theme found throughout the plot of A Tale of Two Cities.   Many of the characters in the novel are involved with the intertwining themes of love, redemption, and good versus evil.   The theme of resurrection involves certain aspects of all of these themes and brings the story together.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dr. Manette is the first person to experience resurrection in A Tale of Two Cities.   He is taken awayRead MoreThe Role of Resurrection in A Tale of Two Cities Essay1355 Words   |  6 PagesTerror? In Charles Dickens’s book, A Tale of Two Cities, Dickens uses the injustice in the French Revolution and the corruption in societies of that time to show the theme of resurrection along with many other themes. In the novel, the heroes and heroine use sacrifices to resurrect someone important in their lives. However, through the process of resurrecting another, some characters are also resurrected themselves. The two most important characters in relation to the theme of resurrection are DoctorRead More Resurrection and Rebirth in A Tale of Two Cities Essay examples1392 Words   |  6 PagesA Tale of Two Cities By Charles Dickens The idea of resurrection and rebirth pervades in this novel. How does Dickens use this theme? Do these themes of resurrection and self sacrifice and the setting of the French Revolution have anything to do with one another? Why is this the time and place of the novel? Brief Historical Background The novel, A Tale of Two Cities, takes place during the onset of the French Revolution, which shook the Western world with its violence and new ideas on freedomRead MoreUse of Repetition in A Tale of Two Cities1577 Words   |  7 PagesRepetition is one of the linguistic devices of which Charles Dickens is very fond, and the novelist makes things easy for his readers by his constant repetitions, and his habitual phrases are remembered by readers who are not used to reading with close attention. Dickens’s stylistic use of repetition reaches its climax in A Tale of Two Cities (1859). Therefore, it is fruitful to deal with the language of Dickens, especially that of A Tale of Two Cities, from the point of view of repetition in order toRead MoreA Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pagescritical acclaim, A Tale of Two Cities occupies a central place in the cannon of Charles Dickens’ work. A Tale of Two Cities, published in serial form starting on April 30, 1859, is a historical fiction novel. A dominant theme in this historical novel is the duality found in many of Dickens’ characters. Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities is somewhat autobiographical; emphasizes the key elements of theme, plot, and character; and has received extensive criticism. A Tale of Two Cities is told in three partsRead MoreEssay on Changing Impressions: A Sydney Carton Character Analysis1260 Words   |  6 Pagesliterature. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Charles Dickens’s novel â€Å"A Tale of Two Cities,† and in all his novels, he wants to confuse people to keep them reading. He creates complex characters who change over time, or rather just gives us more information influence our decisions our opinions. One of these complex characters who Dickens brings out in different light later is Sydney Carton. In the beginning of the story, when he is first introduced to us at Charles Darnays’ trial, we only see his outwardRead MoreTale of Two Cities4458 Words   |  18 Pagess Tale of Two Cities – Study Guide Questions 2008 Use these over the course of your reading. They are very helpful if you use them!! Book I: Recalled to Life Book I, Chapter 1: The Period 1. What is the chronological setting of this opening chapter? What clues enable us to determine The Period? 2. How does Dickens indicate the severity of social conditions in both France and England? 3. Who is the king with a large jaw and a queen with a plain face? 4. How does DickensRead MoreGreat Expectations- Character Analysis Essay10289 Words   |  42 Pagestime goes by, Magwitch becomes more likable. One of the first signs of Magwitchs decent nature is his confession regarding the food he stole from the blacksmiths house. His good nature is again manifested when the stranger with the file gives Pip two one- pound notes. Magwitch is very similar to Joe in his coarse, common nature. He has become rich through his labors, however, and seeks to use his money to make Pip into a gentleman. Magwitch is also very similar to Miss Havisham in his molding of

3-Dimensional Carbon Nanotube for Li-Ion Battery Anode Free Essays

3 Dimensional Carbon Nanotube for Li-Ion Battery Anode (Journal of Power Sources 219 (2012) 364-370) Chiwon Kang1†¡, Indranil Lahiri1†¡, Rangasamy Baskaran2, Won-Gi Kim2, Yang-Kook Sun2, Wonbong Choi1, 3* Nanomaterials and Device Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University; 10555 West Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33174, USA 2Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University; 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea 3Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas; North Texas Discovery Park 3940 North Elm St. Suite E-132, Denton, TX 76207, USA Corresponding Author *Email: choiw@fiu. edu Author Contributions †¡These authors contributed equally. We will write a custom essay sample on 3-Dimensional Carbon Nanotube for Li-Ion Battery Anode or any similar topic only for you Order Now Abstract Carbon nanotubes, in different forms and architectures, have demonstrated good promise as electrode material for Li-ion batteries, owing to large surface area, shorter Li-conduction distance and high electrical conductivity. However, practical application of such Li-ion batteries demands higher volumetric capacity, which is otherwise low for most nanomaterials, used as electrodes. In order to address this urgent issue, we have developed a novel 3-dimensional (3D) anode, based on multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), for Li-ion batteries. The unique 3D design of the electrode allowed much higher solid loading of active anode material, MWCNTs in this case and resulted in more amount of Li+ ion intake in comparison to those of conventional 2D Cu current collector. Though one such 3D anode was demonstrated to offer 50% higher capacity, compared to its 2D counterpart, its ability to deliver much higher capacity, by geometrical modification, is presented. Furthermore, deposition of amorphous Si (a-Si) layer on the 3D electrode (a-Si/MWCNTs hybrid structure) offered enhancement in electrochemical response. Correlation between electrochemical performances and structural properties of the 3D anodes highlights the possible charge transfer mechanism. Graphical abstract Keywords Li-ion batteries, carbon nanotubes, 3D Cu current collector, anode materials, amorphous Si, a-Si/MWCNTs composite 1. Introduction Li-ion batteries (LIB) has been widely used as one of the most important energy storage devices in diverse applications such as green electric vehicles (EV), portable electronics and power tools, since it is commercialized by Sony in 1991 [1]. The commercial cell is assembled by carbonaceous anode, separator and a Li containing layered structure cathode (e. g. LiCoO2). In terms of carbonaceous anodes, graphite and soft or poorly ordered carbons (e. g. mesocarbon microbeads or spherical graphite, microcarbon fiber) have been employed. The reasons behind their commercial prominence contain the relatively low cost of carbon, the excellent mechanical sustainability for lithium insertion and desertion (having minimum volume change ) and their formation of a protective surface film with many electrolytes [2-4]. Nevertheless, fully intercalated highly crystalline graphites have relatively lower specific capacity (372 mAhg-1, the stoichiometric formulae of LiC6) and cannot meet the demands of next generation LIB with respect to high specific capacity and volumetric capacity. To address these issues, other elemental compounds have been explored such as Al, Si, Ge and Sn [5]. Among those elements, Si is known to have highest theoretical specific capacity (4,200 mAhg-1), however huge volume expansion/contraction (300–400%) during lithiation/delithiation brings about pulverization, resulting in capacity fading in a high number of cycles. To overcome such inherit limitations of bulk electrode materials, worldwide research groups have intensively focused on novel and suitable nanomaterials such as silicon nanotubes [6], silicon nanowires [7], nano sized transitional metal oxides [8-10], graphene [11] and carbon nanotubes 12-14]. Out of the many nanomaterials available, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted great attention for anode materials due to their high surface area, short diffusion length of Li+ ions and high electrical conductivity [15]. Past researches including from our group have demonstrated outstanding performance of MWCNT based binder-free anodes in terms of high specific capacity, excellent rate capability and extremely or nil capacity degradation during long cycle operation [16-17]. However, carbon nano materials are known as low-density materials, which results in low volumetric capacity and low volumetric energy/power density. Therefore higher solid loading of MWCNTs as active materials is one of the most significant issues to be realized in practice. Very recently, it argued that nanotube based active materials have a critical shortcoming in terms of their very low weight per unit electrode area [18]. Thus, their gravimetric energy density may not give a realistic picture to commercial application. The critical limitation may lead to scale-up issues for their potential application in the development of EV. To counter this issue, we propose a new geometry of 3D Cu current collectors, which can play a crucial role in creating higher surface area to accommodate more solid loading of MWCNTs on the uniformly arrayed patterns in the 3D structure, leading to higher specific capacity and C-rate capability. Until now, efforts have been dedicated to employ a number of 3D structured current collectors including carbon papers [19], a self-assembled 3D bicontinuous nanoarchitecture [20], aluminum nanorods [21], and nanoporous nickel [22]. The previous research proved that a self-assembled 3D bicontinuous nanoarchitecture could be one of the ideal electrode architectures in order to realize not only high volume fraction of nanostructured electrolytically active materials (NiOOH/Nickel and MnO2 cathodes) but also their efficient ion and electron transport [20]. In addition, ALD coated TiO2 anodes on 3D aluminum nanorod current collectors showed the 10 times increase in their theoretical area and total capacity (0. 0112 mAhcm-2), compared to those resulted from the same anodes on 2D flat aluminum plate and high rate capability (the capacity ratios at 10 C/0. 5 C and 20 C/0. 5 C of the 3D anode were 0. 4 and 0. 35, respectively. ) [21]. Currently, the diverse types of hybrid anode structures have been designed and synthesized in order to expect the synergetic combination of two different types of nanomaterials for the igher electrochemical performances. As one of the most preferable combinations, MWCNTs/Si hybrid structure can be chosen due to the better mechanical accommodation of MWCNTs of the large volume expansion/constriction of Si during lithiation/delithiation process and the higher bonding strength between MWCNTs and Si. There were some selected reports on MWCNTs/Si composite structures, employing either SiH4 CVD method [23] or sputte r deposition [24]. In this study, we present a novel concept 3D anode system, comprising of MWCNTs directly grown on 3D Cu mesh using catalytic thermal CVD method [25]. Electrochemical performances of this 3D anode structure are compared with those of MWCNTs directly grown on 2D Cu foil. Furthermore, enhanced electrochemical properties of a-Si/MWCNTs hybrid structure, synthesized on 3D Cu mesh using a two step process of CVD and sputtering deposition, are presented. Morphology and structure of as-grown MWCNTs and a-Si/MWCNTs hybrid anode structures and their role in the electrochemical performance are discussed. 2. Experimental A Cu mesh (TWP Inc. with average dimensions of 50  µm thickness and 65  µm hole size was prepared. In parallel, a 50  µm thick pure Cu foil (Nimrod Hall Copper, 99. 9% purity) was also employed. Both types of samples were used as substrates for depositing Ti (underlayer)/Ni (catalyst) thin film through a RF and DC magnetron sputtering system. These Ti/Ni thin film deposited samples were cut to 14 mm diameter disc shape for 2032 button cell assembly, before inserting into a thermal CVD system for direct MWCNT growth. During CVD, samples were heated very rapidly, under an inert Ar gas environment, to the growth temperature of 750 °C, and MWCNT growth began with flow of a mixture of ethylene (C2H4) and hydrogen (H2) gas (1:2 volume ratio) in the chamber. After 50 minutes of growth, the samples were cooled to room temperature within the furnace under an Ar gas envelope. Amorphous Si (a-Si) was deposited further on the as-grown MWCNT samples using the sputtering system with the incorporation of Ti adhesion layer in order to enhance bonding strength between a-Si and MWCNTs. Weights of samples were measured before and after CVD growth to exactly identify weights of the active materials (i. e. MWCNTs and a-Si thin layer). Morphology and structural properties of the prepared anode structures were carefully investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopes (FESEM) (JEOL, JSM-7000F), an energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS) (Thermo Electron Corporation, NORAN System SIX), a Raman spectrometer (Ar+ laser with ? = 514 nm, 33 mW power) and a field emission transmission electron microscope (FETEM) (FEI, TECHNAI F20). Electrochemical performance for these anodic materials was conducted in a typical coin cell (half cell). The cells were assembled in a CR2032 press. The complete cell assembly was carried out in an argon glovebox under extremely low levels of oxygen and humidity (both individually 0. 1 ppm). A pure Li (purity, 99. 9%) metal foil (150  µm thickness) was used as both the reference electrode and counter electrode, while the MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh, the MWCNTs on 2D Cu foil and the a-Si/MWCNTs composite on 3D Cu mesh were used as the working electrodes. All the coin cells employed a solution 1. 0 M LiPF6 in EC-DEC (ethylene carbonate : diethyl carbonate, 1:1 in volume ratio) as the electrolyte and a typical polypropylene-polyethylene material (Celgard 3401) as the separator. The charge-discharge tests of the cells were performed in TOSCAT 3100U multichannel battery testing unit, at a constant temperature of 30 °C, in galvanostatic (constant current density) mode. The cells were cycled in the voltage range 3. 0 – 0. 01 V, recording a current value in each 10 mV step, at a slow rate (0. C) during the initial formation process and at various C-rates in the following cycles. 3. Results and Discussion 3. 1. Theoretical calculation of the surface area of 3D Cu mesh The purpose to introduce 3D Cu mesh as current collector was to increase in surface area for the growth of MWCNTs, thus leading to more amount of Li+ intake into them, as compared to 2D Cu foil. 3D Cu mesh was an interlaced structure of numerous Cu wires (Appendix A. F igure 1(a) and Figure 1(b). ). Simple geometrical model was followed to calculate the total surface area of this 3D structure, since the calculation of the actual surface area of the assembled 3D Cu mesh was very difficult. For easier calculation, the cylindrical Cu wires were simplified to rectangular wires of equivalent surface area, creating a cuboid array (Appendix A. Figure 1(c). ). In this study, MWCNTs were synthesized on the top and lateral surface areas of the 3D Cu mesh only, hence only these areas were considered for calculation. Figure 1(a) was a schematic view of an anode stack built up of 4 layers of MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh. As a real example, we implemented an anode stack system using 9 individual MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh, in which MWCNTs were coated over the entire area of the Cu meshes as illustrated in Figure 1(b). The assembled anodes were physically bonded by adhesion force between the entangled MWCNTs. This phenomenon may be thought of as being in some way analogous to â€Å"Velcro† effect of scales on wool fibers [26]. A simple geometrical relationship was established to calculate the total surface area of 3D Cu mesh and 2D Cu foil (no hole). Variation of the surface ratio of 3D Cu mesh to 2D Cu foil as a function of the thickness (T) and the size of holes (L) of 3D Cu mesh is presented in Figure 1(c) (The detail calculation procedure is shown in the Appendix A. ). Surface area increased with the thickness of the structure, though its relation with hole size was not straight forward owing to contribution from a fixed Cu wire diameter. It may be recalled here that the present study used a Cu mesh with its dimension 50  µm thickness and 65  µm hole size, which showed surface area improvement (almost 60%) as compared to 2D Cu foil. Empirically, the average weight of MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh was 4. 37 mg for a cell with 14 mm diameter and 50  µm thickness dimension, which represented solid loading increase by 400%. Thus, it was found that the theoretical calculation was inconsistent with the experimental results since it did not include the influence of control parameters on the properties of MWCNTs such as their diameters, lengths and densities during the CVD growth. From an anode system assembled using 9 individual MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh (The size of a cell is 15 mm diameter and 50  µm thickness. , the average maximum loading amount and packing density of MWCNTs were higher than 50 mg and 0. 248 g/cm3, respectively. The weight of stacked anodes proportionally increased with the number of individual one, which is in a good agreement with the calculation results. 3. 2. Morphology and structural properties of MWCNTs and a-Si/MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh Unique 3D structure of the proposed anode is expected to influence the electrochemical performance. Structural characterization, involving SEM and Raman spectroscopic analysis, has been conducted on these 3D anodes (See Figure 2. . As presented in Figure 2(a), MWCNTs were homogeneously and densely grown over the whole top and lateral Cu mesh area. In addition, the high magnification SEM image showed the randomly entangled MWCNTs with their length around 30  µm and diameter in the range of 200 – 300 nm (See Figure 2(b)). Compared to the 2D Cu foil, the surface areas of the Cu wires surrounding the hole spaces could be available sites for the MWCNT growth, which is structural advantage of the 3D Cu mesh to increase the weight of the MWCNTs as active materials. In Figure 2(c), the sketch of the cross section view of MWCNTs grown on a single Cu wire exhibited the densely grown larger diameter MWCNTs on the top surface area and relatively smaller diameter MWCNTs on the lateral side area. Along with the structural characteristic, the interfacial control between active material and current collector significantly influences the electrochemical performance of the anode system. It is highlighted that the strong bonding between MWCNTs and Cu making it possible to directly grow MWCNTs on Cu mainly stemmed from TiC underlayer [16, 27]. The TiC underlayer was formed by the reaction of Ti thin film sputter deposited onto 3D Cu mesh with carbon precursor gas at high temperature about 750 °C during CVD processing. High ratio of ID/IG (around 1) in Raman spectra (Figure 2(d)) of the MWCNT structure also revealed high defect density in the structure. It is reported that the MWCNTs containing more defects showed the better electrochemical performance since the higher presence of defects provided with more available sites for Li+ ion intakes into the MWCNTs structure and shortened the diffusion length of Li+ ion [28-29]. MWCNTs possessing more defects, generated by mechanical breakage and chemical etching, resulted in an increase in specific capacity compared to untreated MWCNTs. In the case of a-Si/MWCNTs hybrid structure, the broad intensity peak around 480 cm-1 (in Raman spectra) showed amorphous Si [30]. It was subsequently confirmed from the EDS analysis in the linearly selected area across the SEM image as shown in figure 2(d) that Si was deposited on the some portion of the surface of the MWCNTs. The line profile denoting Si K distinguishably appeared, demonstrating the presence of a-Si deposited layer. . 3. Electrochemical performances of the MWCNTs based anode systems 3. 3. 1. Charge/discharge capacities Electrochemical performance tests were conducted on these anode structures and the results were presented in Figure 3. First charge-discharge curves for all the anode systems were presented in Figure 3(a). The button cells were charged/discharged in a galvanostatic mode between 0. 01 and 3 V , at C-rate of 0. 1 C (specific current 38 mAg-1) determined by theoretical specific capacity of graphite (372 mAhg-1). In the case of MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh electrodes, several samples with different solid loading of MWCNTs were measured under the same condition and showed average discharge capacity 474 mAhg-1, LiC4. 7. In Figure 3(a), all the discharge curves exhibited a plateau in the voltage range 0. 75 – 0. 9 V. Such plateau was found in most graphite or CNT based anodes and stemmed from the decomposition of electrolyte and the formation of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the carbonaceous anode materials [3, 31]. Based on the very similar first discharge curves of the MWCNTs and the a-Si/MWCNTs electrodes, it was implied that the MWCNTs mainly controlled the electrochemical properties in both anode structures since the major weight (above 99% weight ratio) of the structure came from the MWCNTs. However, the effects of a-Si incorporation on the electrochemical performance were investigated by the first charge curves of the both anodes. The average specific charge capacities of the MWCNTs and the a-Si/MWCNTs electrodes were 299 mAhg-1 and 345 mAhg-1 (almost 16% improvement), respectively. In addition, the Coulombic efficiency of the a-Si/MWCNTs 67% was higher by around 4% than that of the MWCNTs 63%. The relatively higher irreversible capacity at the first charge-discharge cycle is considered a critical limitation of carbonaceous anode materials and the capacity loss may be mainly associated with solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation or a permanent alloy formation [31]. Another possible reason involved the insertion of lithium ions into defect sites (e. g. microcavities) residing in the MWCNTs and their entangled structures [32]. Li ions inserted into the defect regions at the first discharge process might be trapped and could not be completely extracted during the charge process. Lithium oxide formation at higher voltage could also be another reason for the initial capacity loss [33]. However, Figure 3(a) showed that most Li insertion process proceeded mostly below 1. 5V (versus Li/Li+) so that the possibility of charge consumption due to lithium oxide formation may be excluded, in the present case. It may be mentioned here that the higher values from the a-Si/MWCNTs indicated the a-Si thin layer could play a role in maintaining the stability f SEI formation [17]. On the contrary, the first discharge curves of all the specimens of the MWCNTs on 2D Cu foil represented the average specific discharge capacity 323 mAhg-1, LiC6. 9. The average capacity value was more than 3 times lower than that of our previous result [16]. It was speculated that the significant difference was due to different morphology of MWCNT s (average diameter 80 nm, which was thinner than that of the current MWCNTs). At higher growth temperature, the size of the catalytic Ni islands became larger on account of their more facile diffusion [34]. With respect to major electrochemically active sites being on and near the surface of MWCNTs [16], the thicker MWCNTs have less active surface area per mass available for participating in electrochemical reaction as compared to the thinner MWCNTs, thereby resulting in the lower specific capacity. During the initial cycle, the MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh offered 47% higher average specific capacity compared to that of the MWCNTs on 2D Cu foil. It may be noted here that this specific capacity enhancement is close to surface area enhancement 60% also. Compared to the MWCNTs on 3D Cu anodes, the a-Si deposited MWCNT anodes offered the higher average specific discharge capacity 517 mAhg-1, LiC4. 3. This enhancement could be related to the presence of a-Si thin layer with its high specific capacity on the MWCNTs. It was observed that the weight of the deposited a-Si was lower than 1% of that of the MWCNTs; therefore, the a-Si thin layer did not have any major contribution except slight increase in the overall specific capacity of the anode, unlike the previous results from Si nanotubes [6] and Si nanowires [7]. . 3. 2. Cycling stability Cycling stability tests are essential to prove electrochemical performance of the anodes at long cycling operation in the real application. Figure 3(b) illustrates a comparison of the cycling stabilities obtained from the three different kinds of anode systems up to 50 cycles at 1 C-rate (current density 372 mAg-1). In the case of the MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh electrode, the reversible capacity slightly in creased from 226 mAhg-1 at first cycle to 258 mAhg-1 at 39th cycle and then gradually faded to 254 mAhg-1 until 50th cycles. Such a trend of increase in capacity over the whole cycles is inconsistent with previous results from the constant capacity of MWCNT [16-17]. It was speculated that the continuous charge-discharge process led to create more surface area on the densely entangled MWCNT network structure. We also investigated whether such an activation process was due to more defects in the structures of MWCNTs induced by the charge-discharge process. According to the SEM images presented in Figure 4(a) and (b), it was not evident that severe defects or structural damages appeared in the both 150 cycled and just one discharged anode systems. HRTEM images revealed that for both the anode systems, the structural integrity of graphene layers still remained with the shallow amorphous second phase region on the edge of the MWCNTs as shown in Figure 4(c) and (d). In addition, it was pointed out that there was no appreciable volume variation during lithiation and delithiation. No clear evidence of diameter change was observed between the as-grown MWCNTs and the MWCNTs subjected to 150 charge-discharge cycles (Figure 2(b) and 4(a)). This observation is in agreement with small volume change of graphitic carbon upon lithium insertion and extraction (typically LiC6, around 12%) [35]. In the same manner, it was confirmed that the specific capacity of the a-Si/MWCNTs on 3D Cu was gradually increased. Along with the electrochemical activation process of MWCNTs, the result could reveal the effect of capacity improvement with additionally incorporated a-Si to take more Li+ ion intakes (almost 10% enhancement of the reversible capacity). Furthermore, the Si-C bonding at the interface between a-Si and MWCNTs was strong enough to avoid peeling off of the a-Si layer during the cycling test. It was highlighted that MWCNTs and a-Si/MWCNTs grown on 3D Cu mesh showed good cycling stability without severe capacity degradation. However, for the MWCNTs on 2D Cu foil, the average reversible capacity 163 mAhg-1 was kept constant until the number of 50 cycles. It should be noted that the larger reversible capacity of the 3D MWCNTs was presumably due to their large surface area to accommodate more Li+ ion intercalation. In terms of the reversibility of charge-discharge process, the Coulombic efficiency of the MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh was more than 98% after the initial 4 cycles at 1. 0 C-rate and then increased to 99% after 22 cycles according to the result shown in Figure 3(c). Such reversibility was ascribed to the sufficient supply of Li+ ions from Li metal foil used as the reference electrode and counter electrode in the button cell. 3. 3. 3. Rate capability Rate capability tests are also crucial to prove electrochemical performance of the anodes at higher charge-discharge rate operation. Figure 3(d) showed the rate capability of the proposed anodes. The discharge capacity of the MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh was almost constant around 300 mAhg-1 until reaching 1 C-rate (372 mAg-1) and then decreased to 283 mAhg-1 at 3 C-rate (1,116 mAg-1) and further to 250 mAhg-1 at 5 C-rate (1,860 mAg-1). It may be highlighted that discharge capacity slightly increased with C-rate from 0. 1 C to 1 C and the phenomenon could be attributed to the electrochemical activation process of MWCNTs during cycling as mentioned above. At higher C-rates (e. g. 3 C and 5 C), Li+ ions were inserted and extracted into and from the only surface regions of the forest-like MWCNTs structure due to the limitation of diffusion length of Li+ ions. Another interesting observation was slight increase in specific capacity from 283 mAhg-1 at 1st cycle to 320 mAhg-1 at 22nd cycle at the same 0. 1 C (38 mAg-1) rate. It was again confirmed that higher number of cycles during C-rate tests could be a reason to effectively carry out electrochemical activation process in the MWCNT structures. On the contrary, the MWCNTs on 2D Cu foil electrode showed a typical staircase type decreasing capacity behavior till the tested limit of 5 C-rate. The direct comparison revealed the higher C-rate capability of the MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh electrode, as compared to the MWCNTs on 2D Cu foil. In particular, at 5 C, the average specific discharge capacity of the MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh was 249 mAhg-1 (14% increase), whereas that of the MWCNTs on 2D Cu foil was 218 mAhg-1. The result could be strongly associated with the higher surface area for Li+ ion intercalation due to approximately 4 times higher solid loading of MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh. Furthermore, the higher C-rate capability is significantly attributed to the strong bonding and the lower electric resistance between Cu and MWCNTs, through TiC interface layer [36-37]. Moreover, at 5 C, the average capacity of the a-Si/MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh electrode was 334 mAhg-1 (34% enhancement), while that of the MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh was 249 mAhg-1. In addition, the average capacity ratios at 5 C/0. C of the MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh and the MWCNTs on 2D Cu foil were 0. 86 and 0. 8, respectively, whereas the ratio of the a-Si/MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh was around 0. 93. According to the better performances, it was proved that a-Si thin layer coating on MWCNTs could play an important role in the enhancement of C-rate capability. 4. Conclusion A novel 3D MWCNTs on Cu current collectors as an anode of LIB was developed. The 3 D anodes showed higher specific capacity, cycling stability and C-rate efficiency as compared to those of the MWCNTs on 2D Cu foil anodes. The better performances of the 3D anodes were attributed to the higher average solid loading of MWCNTs, which was 4 times higher than that of the 2D anodes. Addition of the a-Si onto the 3D MWCNTs/Cu showed the further enhancement of electrochemical properties. Acknowledgment Authors thank N. Ricks and Y. Liu for Nano fabrication facility and FESEM characterization, S. Saxena for allowing to use the Raman facility and J. Hwang and R. Banerjee for HRTEM characterization. It is grateful that J. Kim and D. Kim who provided us with the schematic diagrams. This research was, in part, supported by WCU (World Class University) program through the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (R31-2008-000-10092) and AFOSR Grant (FA9550-09-1-0544). Appendix A. Supplementary data List of figure captions Figure 1. (a) A schematic model of an anode stack assembled using 4 numbers of converted uniform stacking cuboid arrays from the geometry of a real 3D Cu mesh (The bottom right inset shows a unit cell of the cuboid arrays. , (b) SEM images exhibiting a cross-section perpendicular to the anode system stacked by 9 individual MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh and highly entangled structures of MWCNTs, (c) The surface area and its increment of the 3D Cu mesh and the 2D Cu foil and the average real weight of MWCNTs as a function of different thickness and hole sizes (The inset illustrates a unit cell of the 3D Cu mesh with its dimension. ). Figure 2. Morphology and structure of the proposed anode systems . a) A plane view of SEM image showing the MWCNTs covered on the 3D Cu mesh, (b) The threadlike grass structures of MWCNTs on the 3D Cu mesh with their diameter in the range of 200 – 300 nm, (c) Schematic diagram (not to scale) of the geometry of the MWCNTs grown on the 3D Cu mesh and the a-Si deposited MWCNTs structure on the 3D Cu mesh, (d) EDS elemental analysis of the a-Si/MWCNTs hybrid structure in the linearly selected area across the SEM image, (e) Raman spectroscopic response indicating high defect density of MWCNTs according to ID/IG ratio around 1 and the amorphous Si peak at around 480 cm-1 in the a-Si/MWCNTs. Figure 3. Electrochemical performance of the anode structures of as-grown MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh, MWCNTs on 2D Cu foil and a-Si/MWCNTs core-shell composite on 3D Cu mesh. (a) First charge-discharge cycle at 0. 1 C-rate, (b) Comparison of the cycling stability of the different anode structures, (c) Coulombic efficiency at 1 C-rate, (d) The variation of reversible capacities at different C-rates. Figure 4. Plane view SEM images of (a) the MWCNTs on 3D Cu mesh anodes after 150 cycling at 1 C-rate and (b) the MWCNTs after only 1 discharge cycling at the same C-rate. HRTEM images of (c) the 150 cycled one and (d) the 1 discharge cycled one. References 1] T. Nagaura, K. Tozawa, Prog. Batteries Sol. Cells. 9 (1990) 209. [2] L. F. Nazar, O. Crosnier, Anodes and Composite Anodes: An Overview, in: G. -A. Nazri, G. Pistoia (Eds. ), Lithium batteries: science and technology, Springer, New York, 2004, pp. 112-115. [3] M. Winter, K. -C. Moeller, J. O. Besenhard, Carbonaceous and Graphitic Anodes, in: G. -A. N azri, G. Pistoia (Eds. ), Lithium batteries: science and technology, Springer, New York, 2004, pp. 144-194. [4] R. A. 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